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Escape from Tarkov’s Biggest PvE Update Has Arrived, Finally Adding Prestige
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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.Palestine Broadcast International (YouTube)
Housing protests erupt in Barcelona after Spain calls early election
Spaniards have staged repeated protests in cities across the country in recent weeks, demanding action on an entrenched housing crisis.
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New police tasers to be introduced in troubled NT community
By Tilda Colling
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Pars Today – The head of the Iranian Space Agency has announced preparations for a new Iranian remote-sensing satellite, saying the Pars-2 satellite, an ad...Pars Today
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Jeudi 1er octobre à Carpentras, ville RN, un policier tire avec un feu d’artifice sur le lycée Victor Hugo.
Toujours rien à dire @NunezLaurent ?
La police est hors de contrôle, elle sème le chaos partout dans le pays.
Je saisis immédiatement le procureur de la République au titre de l’article 40.
Il est temps de ramener cette police dans le champ de la République
If you ask most developers how eBPF works, you usually get one of two answers:
Both explanations miss the fundamental architecture.
eBPF does not run inside an interpreter loop at runtime, and it definitely does not allow arbitrary C execution. If you could execute arbitrary C in kernel space, a single null pointer dereference or off-by-one loop would panic your entire operating system.
Instead, eBPF is an in-kernel sandboxed execution engine governed by an unforgiving static verifier, compiled to native machine instructions via a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, and bridged to user space through lockless, memory-mapped data structures.
Here is the exact mechanical journey of an eBPF program: from user-space bytecode compilation, through the kernel's symbolic execution verifier, down to native CPU execution on kernel hooks.
Before touching the kernel, your high-level C or Rust code is compiled by LLVM/Clang targeting the bpf backend (clang -target bpf -O2).
The output is not x86 or ARM assembly. It is 64-bit eBPF bytecode designed around an idealized RISC register machine:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| eBPF Register Architecture |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Register | Purpose |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| R0 | Function return value & exit code to kernel hook |
| R1 - R5 | Function arguments passed to in-kernel BPF helpers |
| R6 - R9 | Callee-saved registers (preserved across helper calls) |
| R10 | Read-only frame pointer to 512-byte stack frame |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Every eBPF instruction is fixed at 64 bits (8 bytes):
dst_reg): Target register (0–10).src_reg): Source register (0–10).imm): Constant integer operand. 0 7 8 11 12 15 16 31 32 63
+---------+-------+-------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| Opcode | Dst | Src | Offset | Immediate |
+---------+-------+-------+-------------------+-------------------------+
Unlike user-space programs that have megabytes of stack space, each eBPF program gets exactly 512 bytes of stack pointed to by R10. Attempting to allocate a large struct on the stack will fail before your code ever runs.
bpf() Syscall
When a user-space loader (written in Go with cilium/ebpf, Rust with aya, or C with libbpf) wants to load an eBPF program, it invokes the bpf() system call with the BPF_PROG_LOAD command:
union bpf_attr attr = {
.prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE,
.insns = (uint64_t)bytecode_buffer,
.insn_cnt = instruction_count,
.license = (uint64_t)"GPL",
.log_buf = (uint64_t)verifier_log_buffer,
.log_size = 65536,
.log_level = 1,
};
int prog_fd = syscall(SYS_bpf, BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attr, sizeof(attr));
The kernel receives this bytecode buffer, but it does not execute it immediately. Instead, it hands the raw instruction stream over to kernel/bpf/verifier.c.
The verifier is the security heart of eBPF. Its job is mathematically proving that your program cannot crash the kernel, dereference null pointers, read uninitialized memory, or loop infinitely.
The verification process runs in two distinct phases:
[ Bytecode Input ]
│
▼
┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Phase 1: DAG & CFG Validation │
│ - Detect unreachable instructions │
│ - Check for uncontrolled loops / cycles│
└──────────────────┬─────────────────────┘
│ Pass
▼
┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Phase 2: Abstract Interpretation │
│ - Simulate every execution path │
│ - Track register states (R0-R10) │
│ - Validate pointer types and offsets │
│ - Enforce bounds & NULL checks │
└──────────────────┬─────────────────────┘
│ Pass
▼
[ JIT Compiler -> Native Machine Code ]
The verifier parses the program into a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). It ensures:
BPF_EXIT_INSN.
Next, the verifier descends through every possible execution branch, simulating CPU execution instruction by instruction.
For every step, the verifier maintains a struct bpf_reg_state for all 11 registers. A register is never just a raw number; the kernel assigns it a strict type:
NOT_INIT: Register has not been written to yet. Reading it is an immediate failure.SCALAR_VALUE: An integer whose possible minimum and maximum values are tracked via tnum (tristate numbers tracking known 0s, known 1s, and unknown bits).PTR_TO_CTX: Pointer to the hook's context struct (for example, struct xdp_md or struct pt_regs).PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL: Pointer returned by a map lookup that might be valid or might be 0 (NULL).PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE: A verified, non-null pointer to map memory.PTR_TO_STACK: A pointer to the local 512-byte stack frame.
Look at this common bug in C:
struct packet_stat *stat = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&stats_map, &key);
stat->packets += 1; // Crash if key does not exist!
When compiled to eBPF bytecode and evaluated:
bpf_map_lookup_elem() executes. The verifier marks R0 with the type PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL.*(u64 *)(R0 + 0) += 1.R0. Because R0 is still PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL (and not PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE), the verifier aborts with:R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'
To pass verification, you must write a conditional branch:
struct packet_stat *stat = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&stats_map, &key);
if (!stat) {
return 0; // Branch A: R0 is NULL, exit safely
}
// Branch B: Verifier updates R0 type to PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE
stat->packets += 1; // Safe!
When the verifier evaluates the conditional jump if R0 == 0, it branches its simulation state:
true path: R0 is known to be 0.false path: R0 is promoted to PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE with known valid memory boundaries. Only here is dereferencing permitted.
Once the verifier approves the bytecode, interpreting it instruction-by-instruction on every packet or syscall would introduce unacceptable CPU overhead.
The kernel runs the verified bytecode through an architecture-specific Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler (arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c on x86-64):
+--------------------+ eBPF JIT +--------------------+
| eBPF Bytecode | ─────────────────> | Native x86-64 |
| r1 = *(u64*)(r1+0) | | mov 0x0(%rdi),%rdi |
| r0 = 0 | | xor %eax,%eax |
| exit | | ret |
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
The JIT compiler maps eBPF virtual registers directly to physical hardware registers:
R0 -> %raxR1 -> %rdiR2 -> %rsiR3 -> %rdxR10 -> %rbp (stack frame pointer)Once compiled into machine code:
PAGE_KERNEL_ROX).
The compiled eBPF program exists in the kernel as an anonymous file descriptor (prog_fd). To run, it must attach to a kernel hook point.
Linux Kernel Space
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Network Device Driver ───> [ XDP Hook ] ───> Native eBPF Machine Code │
│ │ │
│ Syscall Entry (e.g. execve) ─> [ Tracepoint ] ─────┤ │
│ │ │
│ Kernel Function ─────────> [ Kprobe / Fentry ] ────┘ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Common hook attachment targets include:
sk_buff.sys_enter_execve).When the hook triggers (for example, a packet arrives at the NIC):
ctx) containing packet data or CPU register states.R1 (%rdi).callq) to the JIT-compiled function address.R0 (%rax) tells the kernel what to do next: pass the packet (XDP_PASS), drop it (XDP_DROP), or redirect it (XDP_TX).
eBPF programs cannot call printf(), write directly to disk files, or open arbitrary TCP connections. So how do they communicate telemetry and state to user-space applications?
They use BPF Maps: kernel-managed, lockless memory structures shared between kernel and user space.
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ User Space Application │
│ (Go / Rust / C Monitoring Daemon) │
└───────────────────────────▲────────────────────────────┘
│ mmap() / read()
│
┌───────────────────────────▼────────────────────────────┐
│ BPF Ring Buffer │
│ [Header Page] [Data Memory Page 1] [Data Page 2] │
└───────────────────────────▲────────────────────────────┘
│ bpf_ringbuf_submit()
│
┌───────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────┐
│ eBPF Kernel Program │
│ (Attached to tracepoint) │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Historically, eBPF used BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY. This allocated a separate ring buffer for every individual CPU core.
BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF
Introduced in Linux 5.8, the BPF Ring Buffer provides a single, lockless, multi-producer single-consumer queue shared across all CPU cores:
struct event *e = bpf_ringbuf_reserve(&events, sizeof(*e), 0);
if (!e) {
return 0; // Drop if buffer is saturated
}
e->pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32;
bpf_get_current_comm(&e->comm, sizeof(e->comm));
bpf_ringbuf_submit(e, 0);
mmap() on the ring buffer file descriptor. It monitors the buffer via epoll() or a polling loop without issuing costly read() system calls for individual events.This architecture enables millions of kernel events per second to stream into user space with negligible CPU overhead and zero memory copies.
To build an accurate mental model of eBPF:
| Dimension | Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) | Traditional User-Space Agent | eBPF Program |
|---|---|---|---|
| Execution Location | Kernel space | User space | Kernel space |
| Safety Guarantee | None (Bug = Kernel Panic) | High (OS sandbox) | Absolute (Static verifier proof) |
| Execution Speed | Native CPU | Context-switch overhead | Native JIT-compiled CPU |
| Observability Depth | Complete access | Limited by syscalls | Raw tracepoints, XDP, and kprobes |
| Deployment Risk | Requires kernel recompilation/reboot | Easy to restart | Dynamic loading via bpf() syscall |
eBPF is not a virtual machine running on top of Linux. It is a compiler-verified, JIT-accelerated extension pipeline that allows you to safely inject programmable logic directly into the Linux kernel runtime.#linux #systems #performance #programming #software #coding #development #engineering #inclusive #community
An under-the-hood breakdown of Linux eBPF: register state simulation in the static verifier, native JIT compilation, and zero-overhead memory-mapped ring buffers.Syed Anzar (DEV Community)
AI drones on the cards for WA as shark tagging program expanded
By Blake Kagi
Western Australia's shark tagging program will be expanded and the use of AI-powered drones investigated as part of a suite of measures aimed at keeping beachgoers safe.
abc.net.au/news/2026-10-06/sha…
#SharkAttacks #AI #Police #AccidentsandEmergencyIncidents #BlakeKagi
Western Australia's shark-tagging program will be expanded and the use of AI-powered drones investigated as part of a suite of measures aimed at keeping beachgoers safe.Blake Kagi (ABC News)
Nintendo Life just posted:
Nintendo Announces Another Switch 2 Hardware Bundle
Japan gets a new "Choose-Your-Game" bundle.The Switch 2 is now over a year into its life, and Nintendo has now shifted more than 23 million units globally. In recent months, the video game giant has announced multiple bundles to help boost worldwide sales and it's now Japan's turn.Read the full article on nintendolife.com
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Foadebate | A deeper insight into the motivations and strategy of Iran on the pivotal issue of nuclear weapons.NEWS WIRE (21st Century Wire)
Danny Haiphong | Are we about to see another October Surprise?NEWS WIRE (21st Century Wire)
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HC Dinamo Minsk failed to win another home game in the 2026/27 Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) regular season on 5 October.Belarusian Telegraph Agency
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