Today I learned about 'rabbit starvation' and how Neanderthals avoided it.
When you're a hunter-gatherer and it's winter, you may try to survive by eating only meat - like rabbits, but also deer and other game. But this gives you too much protein and not enough carbohydrates and fat: most of this meat is very lean. If you eat enough lean meat to get all the calories you need, you can die from an overdose of protein! It's called 'protein toxicity'.
Hunter-gatherers in this situation sometimes throw away the 'steaks' and 'roasts' - the thighs and shoulders of the animals they kill - or feed them to their dogs. They need FAT to survive! So they focus on eating the fatty parts, including bone marrow.
So, in some cultures, while the men are out hunting, the women spend time making bone grease. This takes a lot of work. They take bones and break them into small pieces with a stone hammer. They boil them for several hours. The fat floats to the top. Then they let the water cool and skim off the fat.
There's been evidence for people doing this as far back as 28,000 BC. But now some scientists have found a Neanderthal 'bone grease factory' that's 125,000 years old!
This was during the last interglacial, in Germany. In a site near a lake, called Neumark-Nord, Neanderthals killed a lot of bison, horses and deer and crushed their bones, leaving behind tens of thousands of small bone fragments.
• Lutz Kindler et al, Large-scale processing of within-bone nutrients by Neanderthals, 125,000 years ago, science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv…
Thanks to @sarahtaber for spotting this!
John Carlos Baez
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Colin the Mathmo
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •My first academic paper, despite being a Pure Mathematician, was in archaeology.
We applied Linear Programming to solve The Diet Problem for hominids in the late upper paleolithic in the South West of France. Having computed the "Optimal Diet" from first principles, we then predicted what should appear in middens, and achieved very good agreement.
The limiting factor in the diet was, indeed, fat, so despite the wealth of rabbits and roe deer, there was an unexpectedly large amount of nut debris, and this was explained by the calculations.
I should try to find copies of the papers ... I think there were two.
CC: @sarahtaber
&2i
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Hugs4friends ♾🇺🇦 🇵🇸😷
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Vassil Nikolov
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •scy 🔜 WHY
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Su_G
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •The gallant knight
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Vassil Nikolov
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •How did they do the _boiling_?
In what vessels?
Even 28,000 years ago, let alone 125,000.
@johncarlosbaez @sarahtaber
Aydan
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •Doug Baker - Elbows Up!
in reply to John Carlos Baez • • •