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Isn’t it fascinating that a statue of Ninurta, the Sumerian god of war and agriculture, can be found not just in Mesopotamia but also in Ecuador? This uncanny similarity between two sculptures, one in the Middle East and one in Father Carlo Crespi's collection in South America, really makes you wonder. How could cultures separated by thousands of miles create such identical representations? What could this reveal about ancient civilizations and their interactions? These enigmatic echoes from the past challenge our understanding of history and open the door to exploring ancient global connections.
#SPD und #CDU / #CSU haben einen Kulturminister ausgewählt:
>> [...] macht sich demographische Sorgen um die „Fortdauer des eigenen Bluts“ und die „biologische Selbstaufgabe“ Europas, trauert der Kolonialepoche mit der bedauernden Formulierung nach, Europa habe „keine Expansionskraft“ mehr, [...] <<
Der Publizist Wolfram Weimer soll Kulturstaatsminister werden. Sein Begriff von Kultur und sein Geschichtsverständnis weisen darauf hin, dass er der falsche Mann am falschen Platz wäre. Um es gelinde zu sagen.
Der ehemalige Focus-Chefredakteur und Verleger Wolfram Weimer soll neuer Kulturstaatsminister werden. Dass sich der Medienunternehmer für Kultur interessiert, war bislang nicht bekannt.
"Den Multikulturalismus etwa beschreibt er als gezielten "Versuch mit vielen Döner-Buden, fleißiger Zuwanderung und der Huldigung von Kanak-Deutsch die alten Nationalinstinkte auszutilgen ... Ein Stück Wiedergutmachung durch kulturelle Selbstvernichtung also." (Max Czollek auf Bluesky)
Medienberichten zufolge soll der Journalist und Verleger Wolfram Weimer neuer Kulturstaatsminister werden. Er war Gründer des Magazins „Cicero“ und unter anderem Chefredakteur der „Welt“ und der „Berliner Morgenpost“.
Ich mag Reaktionäre wie #Weimer auch nicht. Aber deswegen "Faschismus" zu rufen ist verharmlosend. Es gibt so viele Beschreibungen, die besser passen: rassistisch, völkisch, autoritär, illiberal, Lügner, Rechtspopulist, Nationalist, Rechtspropagandist usw. Das trifft für Teile der #CDU zu, macht sie aber noch lange nicht zu einer faschistischen Partei, genauso wenig wie Ungarn ein faschistischer Staat ist.
#GutenMorgen, heute, #onthisday, am 28.04.1948 wurde Terry Pratchett, englischer Schriftsteller und Fantasy-Autor geboren.
"Nun, die Wahrheit ist ein eigenartiges und recht seltenes Phänomen. In der Badewanne der Geschichte ähnelt sie einem Stück Seife, dass man nur mit Mühe festhalten kann - vorausgesetzt, man findet es überhaupt."
Mexico. The Kidnapping and Disappearance of Two Zapatistas in Chiapas Is Denounced
Statement from the University Front in Defense of the UACH (Autonomous University of Chiapas)
On April 24, 2025, our Zapatista compañeros José Baldemar Santiz Santiz and Andrés Manuel Santiz Gómez were violently detained and disappeared by a joint operation of state and federal forces and armed civilians in San Pedro Cotzilnam, Aldama, Chiapas.
We demand their immediate return alive and denounce this act of brutal repression against those who defend their right to autonomy, land and dignity.
Resumen Latinoamericano, 27 de abril de 2025. Comunicado del Frente Universitario en defensa de la UACH (Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas) El pasado 24 de abril de 2025, nuestros compañeros zapatistas José Baldemar Santiz Santiz y Andrés Manuel Santiz…
Senator Orrin Hatch Model Hatch Amendment Letter, Version 2 For this reason society requires that the education of youth should be watched with the most scrupulous attention.
Covid19vaccinevictims #Moderna has been ordered to pay almost £44,000 after 12-year-olds were encouraged to join #Covid vaccine trials with the promise of teddy bears.
R.I.P Karen Silva
Former The Voice Kids contestant Karen Silva has tragically passed away at the age of 17 after experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke. Karen, who gained recognition as a semi-finalist on The Voice Kids Brazil in 2020, passed away in a hospital in Volta Redonda, Brazil.
Brian Morgan, a talented Scottish footballer who made a return to Sauchie Juniors in 2024 after retiring, has tragically passed away at just 35. Brian will be remembered for his dedication to the game and his close connection to his community.
Dominique McShain, a young New Zealand woman who bravely documented her bowel cancer journey after being told she had only a few years to live, has tragically passed away at just 21. She was only 20 years old when she discovered she had colorectal #cancer.
A St. Louis woman was killed on Saturday night after she slid off the roof of a Cadillac Escalade while twerking and was run over by a St. Louis fire truck heading to an emergency.
The difference between government & organized crime is the collective belief that government deserves a moral exemption for its threats & violence. And this is the reason for public education... It's not that the government wants an intelligent and informed population, they simply want a chance to indoctrinate and brainwash the children into believing that government is necessary.
Cranes are indispensable but costly to maintain. Wear and tear take their toll, and even with regular upkeep, parts eventually need replacing. When that time comes, you must decide: buy new parts or opt for refurbished ones.
Cranes are indispensable but costly to maintain. Wear and tear take their toll, and even with regular upkeep, parts eventually need replacing. When that time comes, you must decide: buy new parts or opt for refurbished ones.
Both choices have their advantages and drawbacks. Let’s explore them to help you make a budget-conscious decision for your crane operations.
New Crane Parts: Investing in Quality
New crane parts are fresh from the factory — untouched, reliable, and covered by a full warranty. Here’s what you get:
Superior, consistent performance
Longer operational life
Advanced design improvements
Direct manufacturer support
Choosing new quality crane parts from a reputable crane parts supplier ensures confidence, especially for critical lifts or harsh conditions. If downtime could hurt your project, new parts are often the better choice.
The drawback? High cost. Major components like gearboxes, motors, or hydraulic systems can significantly strain your budget.
Refurbished Crane Parts: A Practical Compromise?
Refurbished crane parts are used components restored to meet specific standards. Some receive minor repairs, while others are thoroughly rebuilt. Their benefits include:
Lower price (often 30–50% less than new)
Availability for older or discontinued cranes
Faster access to hard-to-find parts
For budget-limited projects or aging equipment, refurbished parts can save you money. A trusted crane parts supplier will test and certify these parts for safety and reliability.
However, there are risks. Refurbished parts may have shorter lifespans, limited warranties, and require a supplier you can trust to ensure quality.
Deciding: New or Refurbished?
The right choice depends on your needs. New parts aren’t always essential, but cutting corners can lead to problems. Use this guide:
Question
If Yes →
If No →
Is this crane critical to your operation?
Choose new parts
Refurbished may suffice
Will downtime cost you profits or reputation?
New parts are safer
Refurbished could work
Is the crane old or nearing retirement?
Refurbished is cost-effective
New parts may extend its life
Is the part safety-critical (e.g., brakes, structural)?
Always pick new
Refurbished possible for less critical parts
Budgeting isn’t just about the sticker price. Consider downtime, repairs, and safety risks. Sometimes, spending more upfront prevents larger costs later.
Finding a Trustworthy Crane Parts Supplier
Your supplier is key, whether you choose new or refurbished. A quality crane parts supplier should:
Clearly state part condition (new, refurbished, or rebuilt)
Provide warranties, even for refurbished components
Specialize in your crane’s brand and model
Be transparent about availability and delivery
Avoid suppliers who are evasive or prioritize sales over your needs. In crane operations, substandard parts can lead to serious consequences.
A good supplier will guide you, perhaps suggesting refurbished parts for non-essential systems and new ones for critical components.
Closing Thoughts
There’s no perfect solution for every scenario. Some projects demand top-notch quality Kobelco crane parts, while others can thrive with well-sourced refurbished components.
The key is to evaluate each part’s role and partner with a crane parts supplier who offers transparency and expertise.
Smart budgeting means spending wisely — keeping your crane reliable and safe without overspending.
Browse the Kobelco Crane Parts products for your cranes here. Buy genuine crane parts product from HL Equipment. We are one of the biggest stockiest of crane spares in the Asia Pacific Region.
photo taken during a period when the USSR was on better terms with the KMT than the CPC the russians didnt really endorse the Chinese communist until ww2 and still had good relations with the nationalist Chinese until it became politically nonviable
stalin in particular seemed to have a soft spot for the KMT either that or he just hated mao so much that he preferred the KMT to the point where hed stick with them until the point where he just couldnt
President Donald Trump said Sunday that his tariff policy will substantially reduce, even “completely eliminate,” income taxes for some American workers.
Quit trashing Obama's accomplishments. He has done more than any other President before him. Here is a list of his impressive accomplishments:
1. First President to be photographed smoking a joint.
2. First President to apply for college aid as a foreign student, then deny he was a foreigner.
3. First President to have a social security number from a state he has never lived in.
4. First President to preside over a cut to the credit-rating of the United States.
5. First President to violate the War Powers Act.
6. First President to be held in contempt of court for illegally obstructing oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico.
7. First President to require all Americans to purchase a product from a third party.
8. First President to spend a trillion dollars on "shovel-ready" jobs when there was no such thing as "shovel-ready" jobs.
9. First President to abrogate bankruptcy law to turn over control of companies to his union supporters.
10. First President to by-pass Congress and implement the Dream Act through executive fiat.
11. First President to order a secret amnesty program that stopped the deportation of illegal immigrants across the U.S., including those with criminal convictions.
12. First President to demand a company hand-over $20 billion to one of his political appointees.
13. First President to tell a CEO of a major corporation (Chrysler) to resign.
14. First President to terminate America’s ability to put a man in space.
15. First President to cancel the National Day of Prayer and to say that America is no longer a Christian nation.
16. First President to have a law signed by an auto-pen without being present.
17. First President to arbitrarily declare an existing law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.
18. First President to threaten insurance companies if they publicly spoke out on the reasons for their rate increases.
19. First President to tell a major manufacturing company in which state it is allowed to locate a factory.
20. First President to file lawsuits against the states he swore an oath to protect (AZ, WI, OH, IN).
21. First President to withdraw an existing coal permit that had been properly issued years ago.
22. First President to actively try to bankrupt an American industry (coal).
23. First President to fire an inspector general of AmeriCorps for catching one of his friends in a corruption case.
24. First President to appoint 45 czars to replace elected officials in his office.
25. First President to surround himself with radical left wing anarchists.
26. First President to golf more than 150 separate times in his five years in office.
27. First President to hide his birth, medical, educational and travel records.
28. First President to win a Nobel Peace Prize for doing NOTHING to earn it.
29. First President to go on multiple "global apology tours" and concurrent "insult our friends" tours.
30. First President to go on over 17 lavish vacations, in addition to date nights and Wednesday evening White House parties for his friends paid for by the taxpayers.
31. First President to have personal servants (taxpayer funded) for his wife.
32. First President to keep a dog trainer on retainer for $102,000 a year at taxpayer expense.
33. First President to fly in a personal trainer from Chicago at least once a week at taxpayer expense.
34. First President to repeat the Quran and tell us the early morning call of the Azan (Islamic call to worship) is the most beautiful sound on earth.
35. First President to side with a foreign nation over one of the American 50 states (Mexico vs Arizona).
36. First President to tell the military men and women that they should pay for their own private insurance because they "volunteered to go to war and knew the consequences."
37. Then he was the First President to tell the members of the military that THEY were UNPATRIOTIC for balking at the last suggestion.
Selecting the right manufacturer for charcoal making machines is critical to the success of any production operation. The quality and reliability of the equipment directly impact the efficiency, output, and long-term sustainability of the business. With various manufacturers in the market, making an informed choice requires careful evaluation of several key criteria. These factors include technological capabilities, product quality, after-sales support, and the company’s reputation in the industry.
Technological Expertise and Innovation
The first factor to consider when selecting a charcoal making machine manufacturer is the technological expertise. Charcoal production involves complex processes such as carbonization, which requires precise control over temperature and airflow. A reputable manufacturer should offer machines equipped with the latest advancements in pyrolysis technology, ensuring that the equipment operates efficiently while minimizing energy consumption.
Look for manufacturers who employ automation in their machines. Automation features such as automatic feedstock delivery, temperature regulation, and emissions control systems help optimize the production process, leading to higher productivity and reduced human error. Additionally, manufacturers who consistently invest in research and development are more likely to provide innovative solutions that meet the changing needs of the charcoal industry.
Machine Quality and Durability
Durability is another critical aspect to consider when choosing a biochar machine manufacturer. Charcoal making machines are subjected to extreme temperatures and demanding operational conditions. As such, they must be made from high-quality materials that can withstand the harsh environment. Stainless steel, for example, is a popular material in the construction of these machines due to its corrosion resistance and ability to handle high temperatures.
In addition to the materials used, the design and build quality of the machine also play an important role in its longevity. A manufacturer with a strong track record of producing well-built, durable machines is more likely to provide reliable equipment that requires fewer repairs and maintenance interventions. Be sure to inquire about the lifespan of the machine, as well as the type of components used in its construction.
Efficiency and Output Capacity
The efficiency of a charcoal making machine is paramount for achieving a high output while minimizing operational costs. A good manufacturer should offer machines that maximize carbonization efficiency, ensuring that the maximum amount of energy is extracted from the feedstock. This involves optimizing the pyrolysis process to minimize waste and by-product generation.
Another important factor is the output capacity of the machine. Manufacturers should provide equipment that matches the production scale required. Whether for small-scale operations or large industrial plants, the machine should be able to handle the desired throughput of raw materials and meet production targets. Higher capacity machines typically involve a larger investment, but they often result in more favorable economies of scale, which is essential for larger operations.
Compliance with Environmental Standards
In today’s regulatory environment, environmental compliance is a significant consideration for any business. Charcoal production can result in harmful emissions if not carefully controlled. A reputable manufacturer should ensure that their machines comply with local and international environmental regulations. This includes features such as gas treatment systems and emissions control technology to reduce the release of harmful substances.
Machines equipped with efficient gas filtration systems can capture pollutants and prevent them from being released into the atmosphere. Additionally, some manufacturers offer equipment that allows for the recovery and utilization of by-products like bio-oil and syngas, turning potential waste into valuable resources. Such features not only reduce environmental impact but also enhance the profitability of the operation by creating additional revenue streams.
After-Sales Support and Service
After-sales support is an often overlooked but vital factor in selecting a charcoal making machine manufacturer. A machine may perform well initially, but it will inevitably require maintenance and support throughout its operational life. Manufacturers who provide comprehensive after-sales services, including installation, training, spare parts, and ongoing maintenance, are crucial to minimizing downtime and ensuring the machine operates at peak efficiency.
Additionally, the availability of a reliable customer service team to answer questions and resolve issues promptly is an important aspect of the relationship between the buyer and the manufacturer. When evaluating potential manufacturers, inquire about their warranty policies, the availability of technical support, and the responsiveness of their service team.
Reputation and Experience in the Industry
A manufacturer’s reputation in the industry is another key indicator of their reliability. Companies with extensive experience in producing charcoal making machines are likely to have a better understanding of the complexities involved in the pyrolysis process. They will also have a more established track record of meeting customer expectations and providing high-quality equipment.
To assess a manufacturer’s reputation, review customer testimonials, case studies, and feedback from previous buyers. Manufacturers with positive reviews and successful project histories are more likely to deliver on their promises and provide valuable insights into the operation of their equipment.
Cost-Effectiveness and Value for Money
While price should not be the sole deciding factor, it is an important consideration when choosing a manufacturer. The initial cost of a charcoal making machine can be significant, and it is essential to evaluate whether the equipment offers value for money. Consider not only the upfront cost but also the long-term operational costs, including energy consumption, maintenance, and repair.
A machine that is more expensive initially but offers superior efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and longer operational life may represent a better value in the long run. Look for manufacturers who offer a transparent breakdown of costs, including installation, shipping, and any additional fees, to ensure that there are no hidden charges.
Biochar production equipment is an industrial facility for recycling waste biomass into biochar under sustainability. The biochar machine of Beston Group
We just came off the heels of America almost being utterly destroyed. Economically and otherwise. Had Kamala won, she would've quickly put the final nails in the coffin of our Republic. Freedom & Prosperity would've become a thing of the distant past and we may NEVER have gotten it back! Thankfully, God has a different plan for America. Why be a Panican when it's only been 2.5 months since Trump took office? It makes absolutely no sense whatsoever.
Yes sir, starting going to church. Because I understand the importance of religion for society. So I want to make sure Christianity is the religion people go to by participating. People are going to create a religion anyways and if a religion doesn’t exist they’ll back something else. Since religion doesn’t play a major role in society today, the cult of politics has become a major player instead. (1/2)
Polygyny is supported as a permissible choice in the Bible
1 Any commands that forbid a man from marrying more than one woman are extremely narrow situations that do not apply to all men
2 Any commands that allow a unmarried man to marry a unmarried woman also allow a already married man to marry a unmarried woman
If the Pastor says the Bible forbids polygyny for all men in new testament times then the Pastor is a sold out feminist or very unfamiliar with the Bible & or logic
Christianity is uniquely different than Ashkenazi and Sephardic so called Judaism in that it judges humans by the content of their character and not their ancestry
Just thought abut actual and very much so real Racism in contrast to the version given by those self entitled masters of Our language.
So I was told that Racism is only in regards of Whites against none whites. Followed by very emotion based pseudoscience explanations about how only white people can be racists.
Naturally this is retarded for anyone who is not a brainwashed retard.
But this got me wondering. Who do U think it is that defined racism as always whites being the racists and such?
We're experiencing the real racism since we're going through a genocide and have been reduced to a pitiful spineless people 😏 the spineless cuckoldery of our majority has made it exceedingly dangerous for the rest of us and why we're in a genocide to begin with. What really sucks is you can't exactly shame them out of it either because they've already been shamed into oblivion for being White. I think you gotta beat it out of them. Nah, that probably wouldn't work either because they would continue turning the other cheek and praying about it. Basically it's a severe selection event that's just gonna have to run it's course until the few Whites left are the ones truly who aren't to be fucked with, and get to carry their genetics into the future. We went through a plague caused by jew well poisoning that took out 80% of us until we figured it out and had ourselves a pogrom and bounced back. It just sucks being in this part of it in this part of history. It's painful to watch and be part of, especially pertaining to the state of our women
"haha this is unenforceable what are they going to do, introduce genital inspectors!?"
they don't have to. they just need a sufficiently harsh punishment mechanism that is only applied when a trans person is discovered trying to live their life
governments rely on punishment from partial detection and retroactive audits all the time. that's how speed limits are enforced, it's how tax laws are enforced. it works reasonably well as a deterrent. it's just that in this case the thing they're trying to deter is "trans people existing in public"
@georgia this sounds totally weird and makes no sense. where does the blood go if you put a bunch of salt on it? right into the pan. it doesn't make the blood disappear. unless you're covering the meat in salt then throwing away the salt. this would make a steak really dry and tough.
also i doubt the size of salt grains makes much difference regarding how much moisture it draws out of the meat. if anything it would draw out less moisture
i ended up doing some welding outside today with the flux core arc welder instead of tig, since there's still some galvanizing left on these tubes. breathing zinc fumes isn't that healthy
Nobody say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.” Saying “Fuck #Israel, Free #Palestine” is very offensive to people who think #genocide is good.
When you say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine,” you are hurting the feelings of the people who believe it’s fine to bomb every hospital in Gaza. So you must never, ever say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.” Who do you think you are, saying “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine”? Don’t you know that by saying “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine” you are causing the people who applaud the deliberate starvation of an entire civilian population to become emotionally upset?
Instead of saying “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine,” you should try putting yourself in the shoes of the tender-hearted individuals who support the complete ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian people. They’re just minding their own business, merrily celebrating the carpet bombing of a giant concentration camp full of children, and then you come along and ruin their day by saying “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine”? What a cruel and hateful thing that would be.
I mean, all they are doing is cheerleading the mutilation, evisceration and incineration of children, and the assassination of journalists and medical workers, and the systematic destruction of civilian infrastructure, and the complete flattening of an entire region whose population they are methodically exterminating via bullets, bombs, starvation and disease. It’s not like they’re doing anything nasty or disgusting like saying offensive words. Offensive words like “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.”
So don’t say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.” Under no circumstances should anyone ever say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.” And they must certainly never say “Fuck Israel, Free Palestine” as many times as they possibly can, every single day until Palestine is free, and get everyone else to say it constantly as well. Again, the phrase you must avoid saying at all cost is Fuck Israel, Free Palestine. Fuck Israel, Free Palestine.
@ninapaleyThe third one rounds off the story, but it isn't anywhere near as good as the others. Having seen it, whenever I watch the other two, I just think about the end of the third one and that will do. That's my take on it.
Apparemment nombreux sont celles et ceux qui disent en avoir conscience et tombent toujours souvent dans le panneau. #Haupt #médiavers #manipulation #sondages
#jordanpeterson #love #breakup #betrayal #beyondboundaries #relationshipadvice 4 Signs That a Man LOVES You and Adores You (Number 2 may Surprise You!)Does h...
All The Worst Evils Are Happening Right Out In The Open C. #Johnstone
Trump is committing #genocide for #Israel after publicly admitting to being bought and owned by the #Adelsons.
All the worst shit happens right out in the open. You don’t need to come up with any elaborate conspiracy theories to see it. It’s right there, completely unhidden.
It’s not hidden, it’s just spun. Disguised by the propaganda of the mass media who frame this holocaust as a war of defense in response to a terrorist attack while constantly diverting our attention to other far less significant issues.
It says so much about the power of the imperial propaganda machine that #Trump could openly admit to having been fully controlled by #Adelson cash on the campaign trail, get elected, and then facilitate a blatant extermination campaign in #Gaza while aggressively stomping out free speech that is critical of Israel throughout the United States — and somehow not have this be the main thing that everyone talks about all the time. It is only because our minds are being forcefully manipulated by the powerful at mass scale that this has been the case.
The narrative spin is greatly aided by the fact that Trump isn’t doing much different from the previous president here. A public which has been indoctrinated from childhood into seeing everything in Democrat-vs-Republican binaries is conditioned to focus far more on the differences between the two parties than the similarities. But you can learn a whole lot more about real power and what’s actually going on in the world by paying less attention to how US presidents differ from each other, and more attention to the ways in which they are the same.
The mass-scale psychological manipulation is so pervasive and ubiquitous that only a small minority are reacting to history’s first live-streamed genocide with an appropriate level of horror. If Americans could see what their government is doing in their name with fresh eyes and uncallused hearts, the nation’s capitol would be burnt to the ground within days. But because their vision is clouded by propaganda indoctrination they can’t see it, so they overlook what’s right in front of them while awaiting a gigantic Epstein bombshell or UFO disclosure or some other Big Reveal that never comes.
Consider the possibility that the Big Reveal has already happened. That it’s been right here staring you in the face this entire time, but you haven’t noticed its significance because it has been constantly normalized for you throughout your life since you were small. That the truth behind all your most sparkly conspiracy theories could be published online tomorrow, and it still wouldn’t tell you as much about what your rulers are doing and how evil they are as what’s already happening in plain sight.
This is the dystopia we were warned about. It’s not some ominous threat looming on the horizon. It’s here. We are being psychologically manipulated at mass scale into consenting to the most nightmarish atrocities imaginable. Children’s bodies are being shredded to bits right in front of us. And when you turn on the TV you see famous people laughing and making jokes with fake plastic grins, babbling about vapid nonsense. This is the dystopia. It isn’t on its way. It’s here.
We don’t need a Big Reveal. If the Big Reveal happened next week, the public would be indoctrinated into overlooking and dismissing it by the imperial spin machine by the weekend. We don’t need new information, we need people to truly see the information that’s already here. To see it with eyes that are free from the cataracts of propaganda conditioning, with hearts that are free from the calluses of desensitization. Waking the public up is less about whistleblowers, FOIA requests and investigative journalism at this point than it is about finding creative and artistic ways to get people noticing the information that’s already public.
And the good news is that we can all help do this. We can all help our fellow members of the public to see what’s really happening with fresh eyes. Using our creativity, our humor, our insight and our compassion, we can find new ways every day to open a new pair of eyelids to the truth of our present circumstances.
Our rulers do not have creativity. They do not have humor, insight or compassion. These are not tools that they have in their toolbox, and they have no weapons to counter them. All they have is manipulation, and manipulation only works if you don’t know it’s happening to you. Our task is to keep finding new and creative ways to help more people see and understand the ways in which they have been manipulated.
İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, tehcir ve imhayı gerçekleştirirken, Kürt, Türk, Çerkes, Gürcü, Ermeni, Alevi, Sünni, Hıristiyan, Ezidi toplumları arasındaki gerilimleri ustaca kullandı.
24 Nisan 1915’te bir grup Ermeni entelektüelinin Çankırı ve Ayaş’a sürgünü ile sembolik olarak, 27 Mayıs 1915 tarihli ‘Savaş Zamanında Hükümet Uygulamalarına Karşı Gelenler İçin Asker Tarafından Uygulanacak Önlemler Hakkında Geçici Kanun’la resmen başlayan 1915 Ermeni soykırımı (niye böyle adlandırdığımı bir başka yazıda anlatacağım), esas olarak İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nde (İTC) örgütlenmiş olan Türk milliyetçiliğinin, dağılmakta olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun yerine Türk ulus devletini kurmanın ilk adımı olarak ülkeyi gayrimüslim unsurlardan temizleme ve sermayenin Müslümanlaştırılması/Türkleştirilmesi harekâtıydı.
Nitelikli suç ortaklığı
Böylesi büyük bir suçun işlenmesi elbette imparatorluk tebaasının önemli bir kesiminin işbirliği ile mümkün oldu. İTC, tehcir ve imhayı gerçekleştirirken, gerek Kürt, Türk, Çerkes, Gürcü, Ermeni toplumları arasındaki, gerek Alevi, Sünni, Hıristiyan, Ezidi toplumları arasındaki gerekse bölgeler, şehirler, köyler, aşiretler ve hatta kişiler arasındaki gerilimleri ustaca kullandı.
Böylece Ermenilere (ve elbette Rumlara, Süryanilere) yönelik kaçırtma ve imha hareketlerinde İTC’nin yeraltı örgütü Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa’ya ve ordu birliklerine destek veren, birçok yerde bu işleri bizzat örgütleyen ve yürüten Türk, Kürt, Çerkes, Çeçen, Gürcü gibi değişik etnisitelerden Müslüman gruplar arasında ‘nitelikli’ suç ortaklığı oluşturuldu. Geride kalan Ermeni mallarını talan eden, Ermenilerin çocuklarını besleme veya evlatlık alan, kızlarını haremlerine katan yerel eşraf ya da halk kesimleri, Ermenilerin el konulan zenginliklerini kendine sermaye yapan ticaret burjuvazisi, Ermenilerin boşalttığı alanlarda kendine iş alanı yaratan zanaatkârlar da bu büyük suçun açık ya da zımni ortakları oldular.
Kötüler
Tehcirin eylemci ekibinde, 3. Ordu Komutanı General Mahmud Kâmil Paşa, Genelkurmay İstihbarat Dairesi’nden Albay Seyfi, Harbiye Nazırı Enver Paşa’nın amcası Halil Paşa ve üvey kardeşi Nuri (Kıllıgil) Paşa, Musul’daki 6. Ordu Komutanı Ali İhsan Sabis Paşa, teşkilatın tetikçisi Yakup Cemil ve ‘Deli’ Halit (Karsıalan) gibi Harbiye mezunları, İTC Merkez Komitesi üyeleri Bahaeddin Şakir, Nazım ya da Diyarbakır Valisi Mehmet Reşit gibi doktorlar, ‘Sopalı Mutasarrıf‘ lakaplı Trabzon Valisi Cemal Azmi, önce Erzincan Bölge Valisi, daha sonra Bitlis, Bağdat ve Musul vilayetlerinin genel valisi olan Mehmet Memduh, Maarif Nazırı Ahmet Şükrü, Emniyet Müdürü İsmail Canbolat gibi yüksek bürokratlar, Giresunlu Topal Osman Ağa ve Trabzonlu Yahya Kahya gibi eşraftan olanlar, Malatya Müftüsü Sagirzade gibi din adamları vardı.
Elbette, en korkunç suçları işleyenler tehcir konvoylarına, Osmanlı tarihinde o güne dek eşine rastlanmadık bir barbarlık içinde saldıran, konvoyları yağmalayan değişik toplumlardan gelen çete reisleri ve çete üyeleriydi. Bu barbarlığın temel nedeni, bu çeteleri oluşturan kadroların büyük bir bölümünün İTC Merkez Komitesi üyeleri Dr. Bahaeddin Şakir ve Dr. Nazım tarafından kana susamış caniler arasından özenle seçilmiş olmalarıydı. Bunlar, sözü edilen korkunç görevleri yerine getirmeleri kaydıyla, özel emirlerle hapishanelerden salıverilmişlerdi.
İyiler
Buna karşılık Ermenilerin öldürülmesine karşı çıktığı için öldürülen, Ermenileri evlerinde saklayan, Ermenileri korumak için hayatını tehlikeye atan yöneticiler ve halk kesimleri de vardı. Örneğin 1914’ten itibaren sırasıyla Halep ve Konya Valiliğinde bulunan Celal Bey, vilayetindeki Ermenilerin tehcirine izin vermemişti. Kendisine bu kanlı yolculuğun ‘milli mefkûre’ olduğunu söyleyen İTC Merkez Komitesi’nin adamına “Hangi milli mefkûre? Türkler ve Müslümanlar, bu cinayetlerden dolayı kan ağlıyor, fakat engellemek için çare bulamıyorlardı. Böyle zulümlere milli mefkûre demek, millet için en büyük iftira ve hakarettir” diye cevap vermişti ve 1915 Ekiminde görevden alınıncaya kadar çevre illerden de pek çok kişinin de Der Zor’a gönderilmesini engellemişti. Ankara Valisi Mazhar Bey, vilayetindeki Ermenilerin gönderilmesine karşı çıktığı için 1915 Ağustosunda görevinden alınmıştı. Mazhar Bey tehcire neden karşı çıktığını şöyle açıklamıştı: “Ben valiyim, eşkıya değilim.”
Kütahya Mutasarrıfı Faik Ali (Ozansoy), sadece kendi bölgesindeki Ermenileri sürgüne göndermeyi reddetmekle kalmadı, Balıkesir, Afyon, İzmit ve Adapazarı gibi çevre şehirlerden Kütahya'ya gelen Ermenilere de her türlü yardımı yaptı. Kütahya'ya yığılmayı önlemek için, gelenleri meslek ve sanatlarına göre çevre ilçelere ve köylere gönderdi. Himaye ettiği Ermenilerin Türk Kızılay'ına verilmek üzere aralarında topladığı 500 altını da diğer illerden Kütahya'ya sığınan Ermeni yoksullara dağıttı ve göçmenler için aşevi kurdu. Ermeni çocuklarının eğitimden yoksun kalmaması için bir okul açtırdı ve başına bir Ermeni'yi müdür olarak atadı.
Kastamonu Valisi Reşat Bey, Yozgat Mutasarrıfı Cemal Bey ve Erzurum Valisi Tahsin Bey de imha emirlerini uygulamadılar. Malatya Belediye Başkanı Azizoğlu Mustafa Ağa tehciri engelleyecek yetkiye sahip değildi ama bir çok kişiyi evinde sakladı. Bir İTC üyesinin oğlu tarafından “gavurları koruduğu” için öldürüldü.
Tehcir emirlerini uygulamayı reddeden Lice Kaymakamı Hüseyin Nesimi Bey, Beşiri Kaymakam Muavini Sabit Bey, Basra Valisi Ferit Bey, Müntefek Mutasarrıfı Bedii Nuri Bey ve gazeteci İsmail Mestan, İTC’nin ileri gelenlerinden Diyarbakır Valisi Dr. Reşit Bey’in emirleriyle öldürüldüler. Mardin Mutasarrıfı Hilmi Bey ise, son anda ölümden kurtuldu.
Eski Diyarbakır ve Dersaadet Posta ve Telgraf Müdürü Vehbi Efendi Dominiken misyonerlerinden 200 kadar kişiyi evinde sakladı. Midyat Kaymakamı Nuri Bey, Çermikli Muhammed Hamdi Bey, Savurlu Mehmed Ali Bey, Silvanlı İbrahim Hakkı Bey Ermeni ve Süryanilere iyilikleri olan kişilerdi. Urfa’da Binbaşı Sıtkı Bey Süryani cemaatinin ve Ermeni Katoliklerinin liderlerini ölümden kurtarmıştı. Urfalı Hacı Halil, aynı aileden yedi kişiyi katliamdan kurtarmak için evinin tavan arasında saklamıştı.
Ayrıca Trabzon bölgesinin ve Kastamonu’nun bir kısım Sünni Türk halkı, Konyalı Mevleviler, Mardinli Süryaniler, Sincarlı Yezidiler ve Dersimli Kızılbaş aşiretlerinin büyük çoğunluğu Ermenileri korumuştu. Dersim’in dış çeperlerini oluşturan Arapkir, Eğin, Gürün, Kemah, Erzincan, Tercan, Kiğı ve Palu’da ise Ermenilere yönelik talan saldırıları yanında ciddi katliamlar olmuştu. Aynı şekilde Suriye’deki Zor’da pek çok Arap aşireti sürgünlere yemek ve barınak sağlarken, bazı Bedevi aşiretleri yağma ve katliamlara katılmışlardı. Res’ul-Ayn’da bazı Çeçenler Ermenilere saldırırken bazı Çeçenler de Ermenileri korumuştu.
Konya Valisi Celal Bey’in anıları
Yazımızı ‘iyi Türkler’den Konya Valisi Celal Bey’in 1919’da Vakit gazetesinde yayımlanan “Ermeni Vakayi’i, Esbâb ve Tesiratı” (Ermeni Olayı, Sebepleri ve Etkileri) başlıklı anılarından bir bölüm ile bitirelim:
“Evet, birtakım Ermeniler düşmana yardım ettiler. Ve bazı Ermeni mebusları da çeteciliği mebusluğa tercih ederek birçok cinayetlerde bulundular. Hükümetin vazifesi, failleri yakalamak ve sadece onları cezalandırmak ve eğer bu mümkün değilse, o yöredeki Ermenileri, düşmanca değil, dostça ve geçici olarak başka yerlerde iskân etmek idi. Bir çeteci her şeyi yapabilir. Çünkü çetecidir. Hükümet ise sadece kabahat sahibi olanları takip eder. Fakat teessüf olunur ki, o zamanın hükümet büyükleri komitacılık ruhunu asla kaybetmemiş olduklarından, bu tehciri en cüretkâr ve hunhar çetecilerin de yapamayacağı bir tarzda tatbik ettiler. O zamanki hükümet, Rusların Sakarya vadisine saldıracaklarını ve Ermenilerin kendilerine yardım edeceklerini düşündüklerinden, tedbir olarak, tehciri Ankara, Konya ve Eskişehir’e kadar yaydıklarını söylüyorlardı. O zamanlarda Rusların yeni dretnotları henüz ikmal edilmiş olduğundan, Yavuz ve Midilli ile Karadeniz’e hâkimdik ve Rusların Sakarya havzasına asker çıkarmaları mümkün değildi. Haydi, bu ihtimali de kabul edelim... Acaba Bursa ve Edirne’de ve Tekfurdağı’ndaki (Tekirdağ) Ermeniler niçin çıkarıldı? Buralar da Sakarya havzasına mı dahildi? Halep’te vilayetin genel nüfusunun yirmide biri derecesinde bile olmayan Ermenilerden ne istendi? Doğru yanlış, vatanın selameti için Ermenilerin bulundukları yerlerden çıkarılmaları lazım addedilmişse, işbu tarzda mı tatbik edilir? Ermenileri Zor’a sevk edin diye emir veren hükümet, bu bîçarelerin oralarda Arap göçebe kabileleri arasında meskensiz, gıdasız nasıl barınabileceklerini düşündü mü? Düşündü ise soruyorum: Oralara ne kadar gıda maddesi gönderdi ve göçmenlerin iskânı için kaç hane yaptırdı? Ve Ermeniler gibi asırlardan beri yerleşmiş bir hayat süren bir kavmi, ağaçtan, sudan ve her türlü inşaat malzemesinden mahrum olan Zor çöllerine sevk etmekte maksat neydi? Maalesef, meseleyi inkâr ve çarpıtmaya imkân yok. Maksat imhaydı ve imha edildiler. Yine gizleme ve saklaması mümkün değildir ki, bu kararı İttihat ve Terakki umumi merkezinin bazı önde gelen mensupları aldı ve o umumi merkezin tabii azası olan hükümet tatbik etti.
İTC Merkez-i Umumisi, Balkan Harbi’nden evvel Makedonya meselesinin de kolayca halline girişti. Azalarından birinin fikrince, Makedonya meselesi bir nüfus meselesi imiş. Eğer İslam nüfus çoğalırsa mesele kendiliğinden halledilirmiş. (…) İki rakam arasındaki nispeti tayin için ya rakamlardan birini büyütmek veya diğerini küçültmek lazım gelir!.. Rumeli’deki nüfus arasındaki farkı değiştirmek için Bulgarları, Rumları, Sırpları mahva imkân yoktu. Onun için Basra’dan İslam muhacirleri getirmeye teşebbüs ettiler.
Anadolu’da ise bu külfete olsun lüzum görmediler. Ermenilerin mahvını tanzim ettiler. Bunu sırf Merkez-i Umumi değil, o zamanki hükümet de tatbik etti. Böyle olmasaydı, katliama iştirak etmeyen kaymakamlar öldürüldüğü, mutasarrıflar ve valiler azledildiği halde, iştirak edenler terfi etmezdi. Ve tehcir işleri, İttihat ve Terakki mensuplarının denetimi altında cereyan etmezdi.
İmdi, bence meselenin en mühim noktasına geliyorum. Bu hercümercden, şu katliamlar ve cinayetlerden, Müslümanlar ve bilhassa Türkler de mesul müdürler, yoksa bundan âri midirler?
(...)
Tahminime göre, en aşağı üç-dört yüz bin Ermeni öldü. Bu kadar kan akıtan bir milletin feryad ve şikâyete hakkı vardır. Bu hakka kimse itiraz edemez. Fakat yalnız Ermeni ölmedi. İki milyondan ziyade Türk ve Arap da telef oldu. Türkler ve Araplar da Ermeniler kadar mağdur ve bîçaredirler. Onların da şikâyet ve feryada hakları vardır. Ben Osmanlı memleketinin bugünkü halini Erzurum vilayetinin yukarıda tasvir ettiğim haline benzetiyorum. Yani bütün memlekette iki sınıf halk var. Biri hukuka tecavüzle menfaat elde eden zorbalar, diğeri, bu zorbaların tecavüzüyle ezilmiş olan Türkler, Araplar, Ermeniler...
Hepimiz için felaketin doğuş sebepleri bir!.. Vatanından ayrılarak yollarda ölen veya öldürülen Ermenilerle, Cezire ve Suriye çöllerinde, Erzurum dağlarında açlıktan, hastalıktan, sıcaktan telef olan veya telef edilen Türkler ve Suriye’de açlıktan sokaklarda inleye inleye ölen Arapların ve Cemal Paşa’nın kanunuyla ipe çekilen ve sürgün yerlerinde sefalet içinde kalan uğursuz kuvvet aynı kuvvettir. Binaenaleyh, Türkler de, Araplar da, Ermeniler gibi davacıyız. Biz de adalet istiyoruz! Birbirimizi suçlamaktansa, el ele verip medeni dünyadan adalet dilemek ve asırlardan beri kardeşçe yaşamış olan Arapları, Türkleri ve Ermenileri bu hale getirenlerin cezasını istemek ve henüz vakit geçmemiş ise, bundan böyle yine kardeşçe yaşamaya çalışmak pek uygun olur.”
Özet Kaynakça: Taner Akçam, İnsan Hakları ve Ermeni Sorunu, İmge Kitabevi, 1999, Burçin Gerçek, ‘Celal Bey ve diğerleri’, Radikal, 26 Şubat 2006, Tuncay Opçin, ‘Tehcirde Kol Kanat Geren Türkler”, Yeni Aktüel, 29 Haziran 2008, Racho Donef, “1915: Righteous Muslims during the Genocide of 1915”, atour.com/history/1900/2010110… Koptaş, “Türkler ve Müslümanlar, bu cinayetlerden dolayı kan ağlıyor”, Agos, 30 Temmuz 2010 (Celal Bey’in hatıratını Agos için günümüz Türkçesine çeviren: Ari Ekeryan), Sarkis Seropyan “Vicdanlı bir Türk Valisi: Faik Ali Ozansoy”, İmparatorluğun Çöküş Döneminde Osmanlı Ermenileri, Bilimsel Sorumluluk ve Demokrasi Sorunları, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011.
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