#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
About 60 million years ago, India plowed into Eurasia and pushed up the Himalayas. But when Lucía Pérez-Díaz reconstructed the event in detail, she found that its central mystery depended on a broken geological clock.
The New Historian of the Smash That Made the Himalayas
in reply to Manuela Casasoli

it seems ridiculous to think it's either-or like that. it isn't "either plume-push or subduction-pull". the mantle is a convection system, going in a circular pattern up, around, down, and back. crustal plates are merely going along for the ride on the surface. lighter silica-rich rock floating on heavier iron-rich mantle rock.

it would be interesting to know whether there are other convective layers between crust and core, and how many...

also, how fast is the nickel-iron core taking up oxygen and "rusting"? or does it give off oxygen at some point?